THE HYSTERIA ALBUM SOUND: MAKING HYSTERIA – CREATING HISTORY

BY STEVE CLARK GUITAR In Loving Memory | 2019. Updated 2026.
Photos by Una WIlliams, Mike Rogers and Ross Halfin. Artwork by Andie Airfix

“For any positive thing there has to be a negative. If people say it’s over-produced, fuck ’em. We just made the album we wanted to make. We’ve now sold eight and a half million records in the ‘States’.” ~ STEVE CLARK, December 1988

Def Leppard were established in 1977 and eleven years later in 1988 had reached the pinnacle of their career. Nobody can argue the fact that the Steve Clark era was the best and most successful era in this band’s lifespan. During that time there were four studio albums and it is remarkable how each of those albums were so different from one other. It truly was something of a developing, maturing, progressive musical journey which climaxed with the immaculate, state-of-the-art Hysteria album of 1987. Aside from that, Steve Clark can be regarded as one of the most influential guitarists of the 1980’s. He certainly should be!

Many people today still grumble about how Hysteria was far too polished and over-produced. I’ve often read articles and heard interviews over TV and radio broadcasts, from a range of different people, both fans and critics saying the same thing. Terms like ‘pop-rock’ and ‘bubblegum music’ have been heavily used to describe this album. But I’ve never quite understood exactly why. Out of all those descriptive words or terms, I’d say that you could perhaps use “polished” when discussing said album, but not really the others.

On Through The Night was over-produced. Which is why it doesn’t quite sound as good as it perhaps could have. It was perhaps overdubbed a bit too much. But that doesn’t take away the fact that the debut album hosts a great bunch of melodic, energetic, raw hard rock tunes.

Hysteria was absolutely not over-produced in my opinion. Hysteria was meticulously produced to perfection – meaning “just right”.. It was never intended to sound like On Through The Night or High ‘n’ Dry, nor Pyromania. It is however more ‘polished-sounding’ that it’s predecessors. But that’s the difference. It’s about as perfect-sounding as you could get. It’s clean, it’s hi-tech, it’s bouncy, it’s (perhaps) digital. It has an electronic drum kit for obvious reasons but it still sounds excellent. The guitars are still real guitars, and they are arranged and presented to the listener in such a unique, pleasant and interesting way. It’s different… very.

Hysteria was (and still is) the ultimate modern people-friendly hard-rock album that Steve and co. sweated blood over to achieve what they had always hoped to achieve. It’s unique because to this day there is no other hard rock record that sounds anything like it or has been written, recorded, arranged and produced in such a way to my knowledge. It is a stand-alone record of it’s own kind that doesn’t really compare to anything else. The album was released in 1987 after being pieced together using the latest studio equipment and technical gadgets around at the time in the mid 1980’s. To this day it still sounds kind of state-of-the-art. It has a very distinct sound.

Whether you like it or not, it is a modern musical masterpiece.

The structure, composition and arrangement of the music is different to any other rock album I know of and this I believe, is primarily down to the musical genius and knowledge of Steve Clark and Robert  John ‘Mutt’ Lange’s studio wizardry. When you listen to the songs, it’s wonderful to try and pick out all the different guitar parts each time you listen. When Steve was asked once what the band’s approach to this album was musically, he replied with: “We approach things more like a classical orchestra…”

Hysteria is what is it because of Steve Clark… it was his idea to orchestrate the guitars which is why he answered the question above with the answer he gave. After Pyromania, Steve wanted to write the next album in a completely different way and create something that went to the next compositional level.

Steve Clark: “Before we even started recording Hysteria, we were very conscious that we wanted to approach the album differently, and eh, even though we wrote the songs, they were constructed on there [in] sort of a different way to how we recorded Pyromania so, it was intentional that.” ~ KNOP radio interview, Las Vegas, November 1987.

Steve Clark: “When Mutt [Lange] is in the studio with Def Leppard he almost becomes a member of the group, almost like what George Martin was to The Beatles. But all the ideas originally come from the group obviously. But Mutt will arrange them in a different way perhaps. It depends on what the song demands.” ~ Metal Machine magazine, 1988.

Phil Collen recalled in an interview with Rock Candy magazine in 2019 about working with Steve on Hysteria: “We also had this thing about making the two guitars different to what any other band did. This really came from Steve. He said, ‘Let’s make it orchestrated.’ We’d have melodies and counter melodies, so we had a goal, a plan.”

In a separate interview Collen did with Guitarist magazine in 2017 he explains: “Gods Of War had five different sections and hit every note on the fretboard. On the song Hysteria, there’s probably eight guitar parts going off at the same time on the chorus. Maybe even more. Not to be gratuitous, but to add something to it.” 

Each of the four albums that Steve Clark wrote on was a progression in his development as a musician and composer. For each one he wanted to bring something different or something new into the compositions. This is why he was the band’s main writer during his time. He had been classically trained as a young lad, learnt how to read and write music and understand music theory. This type of musical education only serves to enhance your creative output and allow you to be more experimental and more knowledgeable with how to create pieces of music. As one journalist put it in 1983, “it’s unheard of to find this sort of sophistication in such a young band.” Which is why between Steve Clark and the producer “Mutt” Lange you have what you have with Pyromania and Hysteria.

Phil Collen: “His [Steve Clark’s] whole thing was that he wasn’t a standard player. He’d come up with ideas that other guys wouldn’t do. Like the solo in the title track [Hysteria]. We actually both played that together live, at the same time, plugged into a Rockman each. But he came up with the whole melody and it almost reminded you of a Japanese garden. It had these weird note choices, really beautiful. The middle section of Pour Some Sugar On Me; Mutt said, ‘Do you remember that thing Steve was playing in the studio a year ago?’ We just pulled it up on one of the demos and played it into the song.”

Also from Phil Collen in 2004: “All of his [Steve’s] song writing things, really, just the way he done the versions of chords and stuff, it was not typical of all the other rock guitarists – it was defiantly unique to see. It was different things, it was very different. I have played with a lot of different guitar players, go and jam, there’s a certain amount of thing they all kinda blend in. But Steve had something that was different, and that was really cool. That you can really hear in the songs, especially, more then anything, Pyromania and Hysteria. I remember when I joined the band, I was like, they said go have a listen to this and learn this stuff. I was like WOW, I never heard anything like that.” ~ From a Q & A session with Brooks Guitar World, 2004.

Steve Clark: “Hysteria is the kind of album that is a guitarist’s dream, because it has so many different styles within the songs. We’re very satisfied with the music we make which, to me at least, is more important than getting all the critical raves.” ~ Hit Parader magazine, September 1988.

Another question that is often asked by people is “How do you get the Hysteria album sound?” A lot of guitar players and musical people in general are often curious to know what type of guitars were used, effects, amps etc. This is a question which is near impossible to answer because of the fact that, in the studio the band used many different instruments, gadgets, effects and amps to get certain sounds for certain bits of certain songs. As well as the very specific way certain guitar chords and notes were recorded, layered and overdubbed.

THE MINI RECORDING STUDIO

Thanks to the release of his book Fabulist Icons, Mike Rogers, a former guitar tech for Def Leppard from 1983-1986 shared his story of his experience living and working with the band through one of the most painstakingly difficult times of their career. He provides many pieces of the puzzle that make up the ‘sound jigsaw’ for this album through the book’s pages, accompanied by some gloriously fascinating photographs provided by himself and photographer Una Williams.

Mike reveals that Steve Clark and Phil Collen each had mini portable studios constructed in 1984 which became one of the main tools for recording demos, ideas and experimenting with some sounds. Below is a list of what is believed to be the equipment that makes up the mini studio in the photo here:

Info-circled Info-circled

The Mini Recording Studio

The CS01 is the perfect mono-synth for bubbly and growling bass –  vintagesynth.com | The sound of the oscillator is however, real analog and “phat sounding” in a typical Japanese way, and it retains the classic analog sounds of the early 80’s – synthvibrations.com

A budget version of the famous Oberheim DMX model with different sound-set and a better pitch tuning management – polynomial.com

In 1983 the X-15 was the first cassette-based four track that was truly portable – it ran on batteries. The size, weight and functionality quickly gained it the ‘musicians note pad’ nickname and its epitaph is that to this day it remains the No 1 best selling four track the World has ever seen – fostexinternational.com

The original Rockman includes an amplifier simulator, stereo chorus and echo. It has two clean sounds, along with “Edge” and distortion modes. The two clean modes are differently EQ’d, “Clean 1” targets the electric guitar, while “Clean 2” is recommended for a wider range of use, including acoustic guitar, keyboard and vocals. The “Edge” setting produces what is described as “subtle” distortion, that will clean up when playing softly. The chorus and echo are tied together, both being on when the switch was set to normal. The chorus or echo can be disabled, but not both at the same time. The Bass Rockman features clean and distortion modes that include chorus. Dry output is available when the chorus switch is set to “off”. There are three EQ presets for what is described as “Fat”, “Mid” and “Bright”. There is a high frequency clipper, recommended for use with a pick or “snapping” the strings. There is a high frequency compressor and sustain switch, primarily intended for changing the sustain of the bass in different ways – wikipedia.org

Guitar effects pedals

Mike Rogers flanked by Messrs Collen and Clark in 1984 with ‘Mini Studio’

OTHER EQUIPMENT

Other equipment and gear used for experimenting with and recording the album in the studio would include Gallien-Kruger guitar and bass amps and speaker cabinets, Roland and Moog equipment, the Simmons electronic drum kit built for Rick Allen and a range of guitars from Gibson, Ibanez, Fender and Hamer. Of the Fenders, both Stratocasters and Telecasters were used.

Mike also described in his book how he would be kept very busy at the studio as ‘Mutt’ Lange would request various different changes of strings and changes of pick-ups, several times a day to trial a range of sounds and tones!

An EBow (a sustainer device) was used for specific parts of the Hysteria album, most notably on Steve’s intro to Gods Of War.

I have also noted from some Ross Halfin photos I have seen of sessions at Wisseloord Studios that the band had many different amps at their disposal including Marshall, Fender, VOX, possibly a [Mesa] Boogie and possibly others.

IMAGES FROM THE HYSTERIA SESSIONS